Only agriculture can bail us out of poverty

“POVERTY in developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, can be eradicated-not just alleviated but eradicated-by enhancing the productivity of smallholder agriculture.”

So says Barbara van Koppen, a senior researcher at the International Water Management Institute (Africa Regional Office) of Pretoria, South Africa in relation to the contribution of agriculture to economic development.

She equates agriculture to an engine that brings forth economic growth. “In such a case, agricultural growth serves as an engine for overall economic growth,” she says in her paper titled ‘Water Management for Poverty Eradication’.

It is published in an edition of the Institute’s journal ‘Issues in Water Management’, a compilation of essays by lead scientists in water management and agriculture.

She says this win-win scenario of poverty eradication through agricultural and overall growth has been successful throughout history, and continues to be valid today justifying the need to invest in agriculture especially proper water management.

“(This) provides a strong justification for investing in further water development for small-scale agriculture…improved water control increases yields and cropping intensities, reduces the risk of crop failure and prevents soil erosion,” she explains.

Koppen reckons the fact that this path of poverty eradication has been clouded by misconceptions in many countries in which more attention is paid to other sectors than agriculture on ground that the former contribute more to their development.

She identifies the belief that an engine for economic growth lies outside agriculture as a major fallacy that prevents clear insight as far as the contribution of agricultural growth to poverty eradication is concerned.

Under this notion, she says, it is assumed that off-farm enterprises, industries, trade, and services are regarded as the more important sectors.

However, human history proves that this assumption is wrong. Past economic growth in high-income countries, and the recent growth in the Asian Tigers (such as Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, or parts of China) were typically preceded by, and based upon, agricultural growth.

“Therefore, as economists have pointed out for a number of decades, agriculture is the actual engine of growth,” she says.

The scientist says that higher farm productivity enhances producers’ own incomes, in cash and in kind, and creates demand for agricultural labour.

Growth is multiplied in three ways; first, through backward linkages with an agricultural input supply, second, through forward linkages with agro-processing industries, transportation and trade and third, through consumer linkages when enhanced rural prosperity leads to new demands for goods and services from rural and urban providers.

Moreover, production of export crops brings in foreign exchange while, last but not least, the availability of food at relatively low prices enables a growing labour force (employed in expanding secondary and tertiary sectors) to feed itself at modest wage rates.

“Agriculture is a dynamic engine of growth and an important contributor to welfare in later stages of economic development,” Koppen emphasizes as she enlists oil or mineral-based economies as a few exceptions in which agriculture may lag behind.

Sad enough many developing countries especially in Africa, whose economies are neither mineral nor oil-based, have neglected the agricultural sector forcing the largest portion of their populations to swim in abject poverty with no hope of coming-out.

African farmers lack access to good seed, affordable and timely fertilisers, and finance services and besides, the infrastructure that could support agricultural production is also in a dilapidated state.

Some 95 percent of African agriculture is still dependent on rains, and farmers lose an average of 40 percent of their crops after harvest, according to the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).

African agriculture has virtually failed to pull out from abject poverty millions of farmers in the continent and the situation is worsening almost by day with agriculture being reduced into nothing other than a typical guess work.

Recently the former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, who heads AGRA, noted that there had been 30 years of silent hunger in Africa, whereby farmers exported food in the late 1960s but now only produced a quarter of the world average per acre.

Though many factors contribute to this state of affairs, poor or lack of investment in the sector plays a big role.

Many countries except a few like South Africa and Egypt pay little or no attention to the sector despite it being their economies’ mainstay employing more than 80 percent of their population.

Sometime in August this year, a Member of Parliament, Kingunge Ngombale-Mwiru, while discussing the proposed budget for the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives urged the government to give agriculture its due respect bearing in mind its contribution to the economy.

According to him, agriculture is the second most important sector after education in bringing about sound economic change and improving people’s lives.

“It gives us food. It employs 80 percent of our people and it’s the source of raw materials for our industries. But still it’s the sector that seems to be neglected,” the legislator pointed out.

Tanzania’s agriculture has been suffocated by poor investment forcing farmers to continue relying on crude tools such as hand hoes and rain-fed agriculture which greatly limit their productivity.

This is despite the fact that Tanzania is ranked third next to Sudan and Ethiopia in terms of livestock population in the whole of Africa, having about 40 million animals that could be used in boosting our agriculture.

The country, which is also richly endowed with many big water bodies, still relies on rain-fed agriculture for over 90 percent.

Recently, the Minister for Water and Irrigation, Prof. Mark Mwandosya told the parliament in Dodoma that out of the 29.4 million hectares suitable for irrigation farming in the country, it is only 289,245 hectares that are under that kind of farming so far.

Small scale farming which is dominant in the country, has totally failed to fully utilize the large land resource available.

The 2001 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy says that out of the 44 million hectares classified as suitable for agriculture, only 10.1 million hectares or just 23 percent are under cultivation.

This means that much of arable land in the country is still lying uselessly idle.

A report by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security titled ‘Agricultural Mechanisation in Tanzania’ of 2005 acknowledges that improvement in the agricultural sector is paramount in poverty reduction.

“Commercialising smallholder agriculture and accelerating its growth rate is essential in increasing agricultural production as a means of pulling the majority of the rural poor out of abject poverty,” it says.

The report, which was prepared by one R. M. Shetto of the ministry’s Irrigation and Technical Services Division, adds that given the generally abundant land resource, efforts to increase agricultural production should include both technologies to expand utilized land area and intensification of the existing cultivated areas.

“This may be achieved through mechanisation and adoption of other improved technologies such as improved seed, use of fertilizers, agro-processing and accessibility to markets,” it further adds.

It explains that agricultural mechanisation includes three main power sources i.e. human, animal and mechanical.

“Under the tropical heat, a healthy adult using a hand hoe can work about 0.5 hectare per season thus limiting the area under cultivation to 2 hectares only for an average family of four adults,” the report reads in part adding:

“On the other hand, a family owning a pair of draught animals can manage 5-8 hectares per season while a 60-70 horse power tractor can manage more than 80 hectares in a season.”

Thus, it says, mechanisation enhances human capacity, leading to intensification and increased productivity as a result of timely planting, weeding, harvesting, post harvesting handling and accessibility to markets.

It therefore has the potential to turn idle land into productive one for national economic growth, food self-sufficiency, industrial growth and employment, leading to poverty reduction, if not eradication.

“Tanzania needs to mount a long-term effort to develop a modern agriculture, mechanisation playing a leading role,” it concludes.

Heavy investment could be made possible though government subsidies and formation of strong farmers’ cooperatives or SACCOs that would enable farmers purchase things like tractors and also encouraging financial institutions to support agriculture.

It is important to appreciate the current government’s determination in improving the sector which has led to the budgetary allocation to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives to rise from Tshs. 379 billion in the previous year to Tshs. 460 billion this financial year (an increase of 21 percent).

But it is worth noting that much is still to be desired for the sector to improve and boost the country’s economy and people’s lives.

In countries like UK, US and Chine, to mention but a few, it is agriculture which laid foundation for their industrial revolutions and general economic development where they are today and todate, they still heavily support their agricultural sectors.

With all these in mind, it is obvious that there is no any other better option that could bring about prosperity to all Tanzanians than agriculture and it’s upon the government to prioritize improvement of the sector if it’s really committed in kicking poverty out of the country.

Is ban on smoking in public places really working?

AS India joins the list of countries that prohibit smoking in public places perhaps we could pose a little and ask ourselves whether such bans are an end in themselves.

The country, which is estimated to have about 200 million smokers, took the measure the other week as one of the ways to protect non-smokers and also relieve itself from the heavy burden of treating diseases resulting from tobacco use.

One wonders whether India, whose population is above 1 billion people, will manage to control smoking of such a big number of smokers if a country like Tanzania with less than 40 million people and just a fraction of smokers has so far failed to enforce such a ban.

Smoking in public places has been banned in Tanzania under a law that came into effect on July 1, 2003.

Under the Tobacco Products (regulation) Act 2003 it’s illegal to smoke inside public transport, hospitals, schools and many other public places.

It is also an offence to sell tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 and the government called for the setting up of special smoking areas at places of work or entertainment so as to protect the non-smokers.

The Act also bans the advertising of tobacco on radio, TV and in newspapers and the government is supposed to issue guidelines on sites where tobacco advertising can be allowed.

The aim of the Act is to reduce the use of tobacco products in the country in order to reduce the occurrence of diseases that are brought about by smoking.

The law was also expected to protect non-smokers and educate smokers on the importance of quitting smoking and thereby ‘create an environment that will help to make the society a non-smoking one’ according to the government.

Several years down the line, cigarette smoking in Tanzania is everywhere right, left and centre! It's as if there is no any law in place that prohibits it.

I stand to be corrected but so far I've not heard of anyone being arraigned to courts of law to answer charges of committing such an offence despite it being committed openly almost everywhere.

Sometimes the members of the law enforcing agencies such as the police, prison warders, soldiers and governments officials are the culprit themselves. So how can we expect them to arrest their fellow culprits?

No wonder the ban has never been enforced in any part of the country todate despite having become operational for some years now.

Other countries in the region such as Uganda and Kenya have also passed regulations against smoking in public places but enforcement of the same has remained to be more of a pipe dream.

Similar bans are also found in other countries such as Norway, Australia, Canada, UK and France, among many others.

The laws require the designation of areas for smoking so as to save non-smokers.

However, leniency in enforcement has remained to be a big problem in most of these countries leaving non-smokers at the mercy of reckless smokers.

In some countries where there is a relative enforcement, smokers resort to smoking along corridors or in washrooms to avoid arrest but this is equally dangerous because such places are accessible to the general public.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (UEPA) says that research has proven that particulate matter and toxic gases of cigarette smoke can remain suspended in the air of a room, car or attached to walls, furnishings, and materials in the room, long after smoking has ceased.

This, UEPA cautions, can trigger health problems to people who thereafter enter the room, car or building.

It’s unfortunate that the tendency in many countries has been emphasis on passing laws that prohibit smoking in public places with less attention in raising public awareness of the effects of smoking.

As a result, the public doesn’t offer the necessary support in enforcing the bans and therefore render the whole move ineffective.

For instance, the law doesn’t talk about household settings in which children and spouses of smokers can equally be affected by exposure to cigarette smoke simply because this is happening in a private place.

Try to imagine the India’s situation, how many policemen does the country require to monitor the over 200 million smokers? What if just a quarter of them decide to defy the ban, will the country’s cells be enough for remanding them as they wait to taken to courts?

In such a scenario, awareness creation campaign on the negative effects of cigarette smoking could be the right option than simply passing bans whose reach is limited to public places.

Even the general public, once made conscious of the likely effects to human health and the environment, won’t tolerate anyone smoking in prohibited areas. So they’ll be guarding on behalf of the law enforcement agencies.

Education to the law enforcers is also vital because the current trend shows that they offer little attention to environmental ‘crimes’ such as smoking in public. May be to them they’re things deserving no attention at all.

Again deliberate efforts to discourage smoking among youth are of paramount importance because many smokers start experiment when still young.

In many countries youth and children start embracing the culture of smoking due to peer pressure and exposure to western life styles.

“It’s a big threat as at such an age, many youngsters tend to start experimenting with smoking, among many other bad behaviours including drug abuse,” a Public Health Specialist Dr. Victoria Mukasa cautions.

She associates smoking among young people to peer pressure which relates cigarette smoking with success whereby famous and successful people such as sportsmen, singers and TV stars are portrayed in the media smoking.

“Smoking to most young people symbolizes independence, freedom, maturity and hence triggers their interest,” she says.

Her position is also shared by the World Health Organisation (WHO) which says that seven out of every ten smokers start smoking when they were teenagers.

Mukasa calls for awareness creation campaigns against smoking and the enforcement of the laws against smoking so as to save the society especially the innocent non-smokers.

“If people especially the youth were equipped with all this knowledge, they wouldn't be appealed by the 'sweet' advertising they see in the media. They normally get trapped due to lack of adequate and appropriate information,” she says.

But due to lack of knowledge and effective enforcement of the respective laws, many lives are still being jeopardized on a daily basis.

Smoking is reported to be a major cause of heart diseases, different types of cancers, impotence and barrenness among men and women respectively.

The same is also a burden to countries’ economies as huge sums of money are spent in dealing with such illnesses.

Early this week the Executive Secretary of the Tanzania Tobacco Control Forum (TTCF), Lutgard Kagaruki, revealed that over Tshs. 30 billion is spent in the country annually for treating tobacco-caused ailments at the Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam alone.

“These figures are from one health facility only. If taken together with the cost of treating patients from other hospitals, the amounts could be staggering,” she said during a workshop in the city.

She cited a study by the World Health Organisation that found out that for every shilling earned from selling tobacco, Tshs. 6 were spent on treating tobacco-related diseases.

Todate I’ve not heard of anything like a countrywide campaign against smoking as it is the case with other diseases like malaria, polio and Aids. It’s as if effects of smoking are not equally dangerous.

All these signify the need for a massive awareness creation campaign that, with support from legal prohibitions, could help in stopping cigarette smoking among Tanzanians and therefore make the country a non-smoking zone.

Tanzania’s absence at international conference casts doubts on country’s preparedness

THE failure by the government to send even a single representative in the International Conference on Biofuels Production (Biofuels Markets East Africa) that was last week held here in Dar es Salaam raise doubts over the country’s preparedness in regulating biofuels production in the country.

It was everybody’s expectation that Tanzania being the host would exploit the opportunity to the maximum by sending high-level delegations to represent the country in the discussions over the subject which is currently an issue that draws a lot of attention.

Surprisingly, the conference, which was attended by biofuel industry executives, food security researchers, regional agronomists and government officials from African countries, ended-up without anyone even a watchman to represent the government.

The participants discussed their progress in developing regulations for the industry in respective countries and Tanzania could also borrow a leaf on how to go about it since its biofuel industry is also in its infancy.

It’s unexplainable as to why could this happen in a country where biofuel production is now a hot topic among scientists, environmentalists, members of public, media and even within different government departments.

To date the country doesn’t have a policy to guide biofuel production in the country despite the formation of a Biofuels Task Force some years now.

The Task Force was established to promote development of the sector and develop legislation to stimulate use of biofuels in the country.

It was entrusted with the duties of designing biofuel policies and regulations suitable for Tanzanian conditions, promoting applied research and development of the sector.

The reason given for the failure to send delegations to the conference was that ‘the government was not yet prepared to present its regulations for the biofuels industry’.

The Ministry of Energy and Minerals had originally agreed to send a speaker to the conference, but changed its mind some weeks ago because ‘guidelines being drafted for the biofuel industry’s operation in Tanzania have not yet been finished’.

The conference’s organizers, Green Power Conferences, could not hide their disappointment over the failure by the government to send representatives despite a series of communications for months to the same effect.

Nigel Yeates, Green Power’s spokesperson, said they were in touch with the ministry for months and assumed that a Tanzanian official would attend until recently when they were asked to reschedule the conference to coincide with the completion of the guidelines or cancel it altogether.

Having heard that the conference carried-on as planned despite the ‘request’ by the government, the ministry’s Assistant Commissioner for Alternative Energy and Minerals, and Chair of the Biofuels Task Force, Ngosi Mwihava, felt offended.

“You have to observe the rule of law in a country,” he said as quoted in the media adding: “Every country has got its own priorities. (Biofuels are) a priority, but we have to have a policy first.”

With all due respect, Mwihava should have known that a policy on biofuels production in the country is more than overdue and that such unnecessary delays were nothing other than an imminent threat to the country’s food production and land use patterns.

Why didn’t the allocation of land to potential investors in biofuel production wait for a policy? Several investors, especially from the West have already started looking for huge tracts of land so as to grow crops for biofuel production.

Plans are underway to convert millions of hectares of arable land into biofuels and the justification for the promotion of large scale biofuels is that the country’s demand and price for petroleum products are growing rapidly at a rate of more than 30 percent per year.

Tensions between the potential investors and the local people around the identified areas have started to mount over issues around compensation and allegations that there is a likelihood of grabbing of their arable land that they were depending on for growing food to give way to biofuel production.

For instance, Tanzania Investment Centre says that a Swedish company is now looking for 400,000 hectares of land for sugarcane production along the Wami River basin. About a thousand small scale rice farmers could be evicted if the project goes through.

Many more areas of the country have been identified for the same and such likely effects cannot be overruled.

Now in absence of a policy or guidelines all these lives of the locals could be put at the mercy of the investors who might not be after anything else other than extracting super profits at the expense of the locals.

It is also not known if the biofuel to be produced would be for local consumption so as to cut the heavy dependency on imported fuel or just use the country as a place for growing raw-materials for the international market.

It is only last week when it was reported in Brazil by an international activist group, Friends of the Earth, that the boom in biofuel production in Latin America was benefiting corporations but not local people.

The Amsterdam-based international NGO which is an umbrella group representing more than 5,000 environmental groups around the world, said Latin American nations ‘are scaling up agrofuel production at alarming rates’ to try to cash in on rising demand for fuel at the expense of the local people and environment.

“Increasing the amount of land destined to grow crops for agrofuels means increasing deforestation and wildlife destruction, increased land conflicts, eviction of rural people, poor working conditions and environmental pollution,” the group said in a statement available on its website.

Now, how are Tanzanians guarded against all these developments in absence of a policy document or guidelines for regulating biofuel production in the country?

I reckon the fact that some work is being done over the same in the government but how long will it take.

The other week the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Food Security and Cooperatives, Paniel Lyimo, said that the government was in the final touches of coming up with a policy document to guide biofuel production in the country.

He said that his ministry together with the Ministry of Energy and Minerals were jointly preparing the policy so as to make sure that biofuel production does not cause food insecurity in the country.

The ministry is carefully making follow-up on the types of crops to be grown for the purpose so as to make sure that food production in the country is not negatively affected together with land use.

He was of opinion that production of biofuel should first begin by using leftovers from food and animals such as those produced after the making of sugar (from sugarcane) and sisal ropes and related products (from sisal).

Now, if all these were true how come we ‘avoided’ the conference?

For how long will we continue talking of being in ‘the final touches’ yet the world is running faster than what we can actually imagine.

Fadhili Mbaga, the Executive Secretary of the Tanzania Sugar Producers Association who is a member of the Biofuels Taskforce and who also attended the conference in Dar es Salaam questioned the government’s commitment in coming up with the guidelines.

“Investors came in and nobody was ready in terms of policy or guidelines on biofuels development,” Mbaga said adding:

“It’s taken us a little longer than usual to develop these guidelines. One reason is because there’s no dedicated secretariat for this work.”

It’s upon us to keep on dilly-dallying even on such serious issues that touch millions of lives or come up and face the reality on the ground.

Time is not on our side and the longer it takes us to draw the policy or guidelines the more complex the issues become because pressure from investors and other powerful lobbies is already heavy on our shoulders.

Biofuel production should be carefully regulated

LAST week the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Food Security and Cooperatives, Paniel Lyimo, said that the government was in the final touches of coming up with a policy document to guide biofuel production in the country.

He said that his ministry together with the Ministry of Energy and Minerals were jointly preparing the policy so as to make sure that biofuel production does not cause food insecurity in the country.

The ministry is carefully making follow-up on the types of crops to be grown for the purpose so as to make sure that food production in the country is not negatively affected together with land use.

He was of opinion that production of biofuel should first begin by using leftovers from food and animals such as those produced after the making of sugar (from sugarcane) and sisal ropes and related products (from sisal).

The PS remarks came at a time when there is an ongoing debate in the country and the world in general over the likely implications of biofuel production to food production and land use patterns.

Some sections have associated the current food shortage in the world with biofuel production holding that many of the crops used as raw materials were actually food for human beings.

For instance, a report by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) concluded that conversion to biofuels such as ethanol is scarcely helping with energy efficiency and is exacerbating a global food crisis.

“The combination of high petroleum prices and the desire to address environmental issues is currently at the forefront of the rapid expansion of the biofuel sector which in turn affects food prices in the world market,” it says in its March 2008 report available on its website.

Around the world, governments have enthusiastically embraced ethanol and other biofuels in recent years. Fuel from plant sources would, the thinking went, greatly reduce carbon-dioxide emissions and, for some countries, would also reduce reliance on foreign oil.

A number of countries in the world such as Brazil are behind the fast growth of biofuel industry and have put in place national policies that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming.

Crops like sugarcane, wheat, maize, rapeseed, soybean, palm oil and other oil crops such as sunflower are used as raw materials in the process, FAO says in its World Food Situation report.

As a result, the boosting demand for agricultural crops used as feedstock in the production of alternative energy sources (e.g. biofuels) has resulted into food crisis whose pinch has already started being felt in many parts of the world.

Skeptics have long warned that ethanol is no miracle cure, offering slight energy gains at best. But in country after country, powerful farm lobbies have encouraged government subsidies for ethanol.

Now, however, the pendulum is swinging strongly in the other direction. For instance, recently the UN’s special rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler claimed that it was a ‘crime against humanity’ to divert corn from food to fuel.

This claim is now more vivid because of skyrocketing food prices and resulting unrest around the world. The enormous investment in biofuels in the U.S., the European Union, Canada and elsewhere, we are coming to see, is fuelling a food crisis in many poor countries.
These changes in food prices have not augured well with people in many countries in the world.

There might still be a major use for ethanol some day, and research should continue to see to it that the efforts to preserve the environment don’t negatively impact on the lives of billions of people across the globe.

A country like Brazil, for example, has made some good progress in using non-food plant material such as sugar-cane waste to produce ethanol. This is a very good initiative that other countries could emulate.

It’s true that there are no short-cuts to reducing oil use and greenhouse gas emissions. But appropriate precautions must be taken beforehand.

Being part of the global village, Tanzania has not been left behind in promoting biofuels as an alternative source of energy.

Many companies especially from the west have shown interest in growing crops such as starch crops e.g. grains, maize and tubers like cassava, sugar plants such as sugarcane, cellulose plants (agriculture residues), and oil seed crops (like Jatropha, Oil palm)

The government through the Tanzania Investment Centre, with support from other stakeholders, is on the forefront in encouraging such efforts.

For instance, it has planned to double sugar cane production between 2005 and 2010 and also to use all molasses resulting from the sugar industry’s projected production and the surplus cane for ethanol, among other initiatives.

Plans are underway to convert millions of hectares of arable land into biofuels and the justification for the promotion of large scale biofuels is that the country’s demand and price for petroleum products are growing rapidly at a rate of more than 30 percent per year.

While this is quite a positive move to the improvement of the country’s economy, it’s important to note that there are socio-economic and environmental prices that will be paid as a consequence.

“There are concerns that using land to grow fuel instead of food, rising grain prices, and the displacement of rural communities will lead to greater food insecurity in Tanzania,” says an environmentalist, Abdallah Mkindi.

In his paper titled ‘The Socio-economic and environmental impacts of a biofuels industry in Tanzania’ that he presented in July last year at a meeting in London, he says that forests, peatlands, mangroves and protected areas will be cut down, burned, and converted to farmland hence canceling any environmental benefit arising from biofuels.

Besides, with the National Biosafety Framework in place which allows trials for genetically modified (GM) crops, the GM industry may intend to use this as an opportunity to promote GM biofuels in Tanzania which could also negatively affect the environment and species therein.

He proposes a critical investigation on the socio-economic as well as the environmental impacts that the introduction of a biofuels industry will have in Tanzania before the idea is wholeheartedly embraced.

Most particularly, the impact on biodiversity, agriculture, food security and sovereignty, livelihoods, markets, land and territory with a specific focus on the impact on smallholder farmers and indigenous communities should be critically investigated, Mkindi suggests.

The following are some of the implications of biofuels production in the country;
Biofuels will increase pressure on Tanzania food supplies and further erode food sovereignty and that fact that Tanzania’s agriculture is predominantly rain-fed, with increased food shortages.

Converting the main sites identified as suitable for growing the biofuel crops will reduce land area devoted for food production so eroding local food security and sovereignty and further cause shortages.

Competition for land is also expected to be the outcome of the initiative because so far several investors have shown interest to invest on biofuels in the country.

According to Tanzania Investment Centre a Swedish company is looking for 400,000hectares of land for sugarcane production and Wami River basin has been identified for the purpose. This means that about a thousand small scale rice farmers could be evicted if the project goes through.

In Ruipa River valley, plans are underway to convert the basin into sugarcane plantation and hence over 1000 small scale rice farmers could be affected.

Promotion of Jatropha in the so called degraded land in Engaruka and Manyara and rice production in Usangu basin is forcing out the pastoralists out of their land.

Biofuels production in the country is also expected to cause conflict over water sources. Areas identified suitable for biofuels production are adjacent to rivers which small scale farmers depend on.

Large scale biofuels production will divert most of the water into their plantation, hence depriving small scale farmers’ access to water.

In Usangu basin, a thousand farmers were evicted and the river which is supplying water to their farms was diverted to an investor’s farm.

These, according to Mkindi, are some of the likely consequences of biofuels production and which he thinks thorough investigation is needed so as to ascertain the good and bad of the initiative to the country, people and the environment before it gets into a full swing.

As we have seen examples from other areas in the world, the rush for biofuels so as to save the environment and also the demand for self sufficiency in terms of fuel supplies by countries has turned into a mixed blessing.

Besides the socio-economic and environmental effects, production of biofuel like ethanol has caused more farmers to switch from food to fuel production. This is also likely to happen in Tanzania and the result will definitely be very detrimental.

Again, ample evidence has proved that through the major end result of the switch to biofuels was the protection of the environment, in the long run biofuels production contributes to environmental degradation in terms of large scale monoculture farming, deforestation, and emission of greenhouse gases during farming and processing.

So, all these should make us thing twice about the initiative. Yes we badly need affordable fuel and at the same time protect our environment but this shouldn’t be out of desperation with little attention to the socio-economic and environmental effects of biofuels production.

A policy document could help us control the production biofuels in the country and thereby save the country from such likely negative effects.

Corruption in Water Sector kills Millions

THE taking over by City Water Company of the supply of water in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) in 2003 was regarded by many as a sigh of relief after decades of neglect and underinvestment in the city’s water infrastructure.

This was actually expected to be a turning point as far as reliable water supply was concerned in a city where fewer than a hundred thousand households out of the population of about four million have access to running water.

City Water consortium, which was part of the British Water Supply Company-Biwater, entered into a contract with the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewage Authority (Dawasa) whereby the latter was to continue owning the infrastructure, while the former would operate the system.

The company was tasked to collect revenue from customers, make new connections, and conduct routine maintenance during the ten-year contract, and it had a six-year tax holiday.

However, it took less than two years for all these expectations to go down the drain. Not only was the company unable to meet revenue collection targets agreed in the contract, which were crucial to attain if it was to make a profit, the company was collecting less money than its state-run predecessor (Dawasa). Besides, city dwellers started seeing their water bills rising!

City Water’s defense was that its bid was based on flawed information supplied by Dawasa and stopped paying its monthly fee for leasing Dawasa’s piping and other infrastructure from July 2004, less than a year after the entering into the contract. It also insisted that its operating fee be raised.

But all these complaints were rejected by auditors from PricewaterhouseCoopers and the British engineering consultants-Howard Humphreys and several reports by World Bank and other development partners admitted that City Water had failed its duty.

These failures left the Tanzanian government with no other option other than just terminating the contract on May 13, 2005 the decision which led to legal battles that have been settled in favour of the government.

It’s still unexplainable how did such a company manage to win the contract despite its inexperience in handling such deals.

Writing for The Guardian newspaper (UK) Xan Rice, who closely followed the tendering exercise, raised concerns over Biwater’s experience in undertaking such assignments.

In an article tilted ‘Water Margin’ which was published on August 16, 2007, the Guardian’s East

Africa correspondent said that it’s true that Biwater had really made its name and helped earn its founder Adrian White his fortune during Margaret Thatcher’s (former British Premier) push for privatisation in Britain.

However, he had reservations. “Within the industry the company had a decent reputation for building and running water treatment plants, but had never taken charge of such a huge management operation before,” Rice said.

Despite the flaws in the execution of the contract, Rice wonders as to why did the World Bank’s quality assurance in Washington award the project a ‘highly satisfactory’ ranking-the top score.

“Biwater said later in a statement to the Guardian (UK) that the World Bank approved (City Water’s) bid after an exhaustive financial and technical assessment process lasting several months and also rejected any notion of gaps in its experience,” he said in the article.

The writer also raised some issues of concern over the manner in which the deal, which was competed by three firms (two from France, City Water and a Tanzanian investor-Superdoll), was concluded.

“When the French companies declined to submit a final tender, Biwater’s consortium won the day,” Rice said and quoted a British water consultant, who followed the bid process, as saying that City Water submitted its bid at a rock-bottom price.

“Even if it performed well, making money would be a huge challenge. It was in the crap from day one,” the consultant is quoted to have said.

Rice wondered why the World Bank and International Monetary Fund still thought that the arrangement was the best way forward for the water supply problem in Dar es Salaam.

Actually, they had long made the privatisation of Dawasa’s assets a condition for Tanzania receiving massive debt relief including a USD 143.5m loan package for upgrading the city’s water infrastructure.

No one knows what transpired behind the curtains though possibilities of corruption and undue influence cannot be over ruled in such a scenario.

Try to imagine the fate of millions of people in the city who spend everyday of their lives without reliable supply of safe water as such ‘funny’ games are being played on and on.

It’s worth-noting that the four million plus Dar es Salaam residents’ number is just a fraction of the total number of people going without reliable supply of safe and quality water globally due to similar dubious contracts and poor water governance.

Worldwide the water sector has been tainted by corruption and other forms of mismanagement both of which deny access to safe water to billions of lives.

The 2008 Global Corruption Report by Transparency International (TI) argues that the crisis of water is a crisis of water governance, with corruption as one root cause.

“Corruption in water sector is widespread and makes water undrinkable, inaccessible and unaffordable,” TI says.

The report, which was recently launched in Stockholm Sweden during the World Water Week, demonstrates that corruption is a cause and catalyst for the global water crisis, which is likely to be further exacerbated by climate change.

“Corruption in the water sector puts the lives and livelihoods of billions of people at risk.

Corruption affects all aspects of the water sector, from water resources management to drinking water services, irrigation and hydropower,” the global anti-corruption watchdog says.

According to TI, the onset of climate change and the increasing stress on water supply around the world make the fight against corruption in water more urgent than ever.

In her foreword to the report, the world renowned environmental activist, Prof. Wangari Maathai concluded that the global water crisis is nothing else other than a man-made crisis of governance with ignorance, greed and corruption at its core.

“But the worst of all is corruption. Corruption means power unbound. It gives the powerful the means to work against and around the rules that communities set themselves. This makes corruption in water particularly pernicious,” she says.

This is because, she adds, corruption allows the powerful to break the rules that preserve habitats and ecosystems, to plunder and pollute water resources that entire world regions depend upon and to steal the money that is meant to get water to the poor.
While noting that the problem is global in reach, Prof. Maathai admits that Africa is the hardest hit.

“Nowhere are the global water crises and the havoc that corruption inflicts on the sector more shockingly on display than in Africa,” she admits while suggesting a global approach was a prerequisite for tackling corruption in water sector worldwide.

As the TI report notes, the human consequences of the water crisis, exacerbated by corruption, are devastating and affect the poor and women most of all.

“In developing countries, about eighty percent of health problems can be linked back to inadequate water and sanitation, claiming lives of nearly 1.8 million children every year and leading to the loss of an estimated 443 million school days for the children who suffer from water related ailments,” the report reveals.

TI concludes by calling for increased advocacy to stop corruption in water so as to avoid the imminent high costs to economic and human development, the destruction of vital ecosystems, and the fuelling of social tension or even conflict over this essential resource.

As the 2000 UN Millennium Report pointed-out no single measure would do more to reduce disease and save lives in developing countries than bringing safe water and adequate sanitation.

Hence, there is a dire need of collectively fighting against corruption in the water sector short of which we’ll continue witnessing the loss of all these lives yet the solution is absolutely within our reach.

Of Mount Kilimanjaro Ice Waving Us Good-bye Due to Deforesation

THE recent scientific theory linking the loss of snow on Mount Kilimanjaro to increased deforestation on the mountain’s foothills is more than sad news as far as the welfare of the mountain’s biodiversity is concerned.

The theory is highlighted in a recent study report compiled by two researchers from Britain’s Portsmouth University -Nicholas Pepin and Martin Schaefer, who took eleven days to survey the mountain’s glaciers.

The researchers, who revealed their findings at a news conference in Dar es Salaam recently, said the mountain’s glacier surface had shrunk from 20 kilometres in 1880 to two kilometres in 2000.

They said the development was caused more by local than regional factors, with Pepin suggesting that deforestation mainly due to extensive farming as the major cause.

“Deforestation of the mountain’s foothills is the most likely culprit because without forests there is too much evaporation of humidity into outer space. The result is that moisture-laden winds blowing across those forests have become drier and drier,” he explained.

This revelation is another reminder of the catastrophic effects that deforestation can cause to the environment.

Try to imagine the fate of the whole range of biodiversity that depend on flow of water resulting from the normal melting of the mountain’s ice such as forests, animals (both wild and domesticated) and other living organisms.

The mountain is known to be surrounded with huge tracts of land covered by forests which accommodate millions of different forms of life from wild animals in game parks to human beings.

I happen to have grown-up in Moshi, a town that is found right on the slopes of the mountain. It’s sad to notice that many of the rivers that we used to swim in, and whose tributaries originate from the mountain, are now full of exposed rocks with very little water flowing down the stream.

As Pepin revealed, the major factors behind the wanton deforestation is the clearance of forests to give room for farm lands though other factors such as expansion of human settlements into forest lands and industrial activities also have a share in the problem.

This problem facing Mount Kilimanjaro and its rich biodiversity is not unique to Tanzania as many other countries especially the developing ones are also confronted by a similar trend.

Though in this case the melting of ice on Mt. Kilimanjaro is disassociated with global warming, it’s important to note that deforestation has a substantial share in the rise of temperature on the Earth’s surface, among other environmental problems.

This is because every tree that is cut down besides being a loss to biodiversity, also contributes to global warming.

Trees are scientifically known to be capable of absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (carbon sinks) and thus check global warming that way.

For instance, writer Bryan Walsh in his contribution to a feature article titled The Global Warming Survival Guide that came out in the TIME magazine early last year, while quoting a number of scientific findings says that a tree can absorb up to a ton of carbon dioxide over its life time.

So he suggests that planting trees most especially in the tropics as the best way for mitigating global warming and climate change.

However, the sad story is that many parts of the world still experience wanton cutting down of trees for various purposes such as clearance of new lands for agriculture, urbanisation, energy supplies, and construction, among many others.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) says that deforestation and forest fires that are commonplace in many developing countries of Africa, Latin America and Southern Asia greatly contribute to global warming together with other environmental negative effects.

In fact between 25 and 30 percent of the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere each year (1.6 billion tones) is caused by deforestation, FAO says.

“We are working to solve two of the key environmental issues; deforestation and global warming at the same time,” FAO Senior Forestry Officer, Dieter Schoene, told a meeting on deforestation and global warming in Rome early last year that was attended by about 200 development experts mainly from developing countries.

The meeting was organized by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and hosted by FAO.

Delegates of the 46 developing countries present at the workshop signaled their readiness to act on deforestation, 80 percent of which is due to increased farmland to feed growing populations. In Africa, for example, shifting cultivation is still a common practice that also involves the use of fire to clear new lands for agriculture.

Part of the solution is to increase agricultural productivity so that there is less demand to convert forests into farmlands. But they also stressed that they needed financial help from the developed world to do the job.

According to FAO, developing nations, alongside the developed ones, have to play a key role in curbing deforestation as one of the ways of fighting against deforestation.

Schoene says that trees are about 50 percent made of carbon and that when they are felled or burned, the carbon dioxide they store escapes back into the air where they create a layer on the atmosphere that blocks heat from escaping into space causing rise in temperature on the earth’s surface.

According to FAO figures, some 13 million hectares of forests worldwide are lost every year, almost entirely in the tropics where deforestation remains to be very high.

While officially launching the FAO’s State of the World’s Forests Report 2007 last year, David Harcharik, FAO Deputy Director-General said though there were some places in the world which recorded positive changes in terms of forest management, the problem remained big in developing countries.

“…countries that are facing the most serious challenges in achieving sustainable forest management are those with the highest rates of poverty and civil conflict,” he said.Global forest cover amounts to just under four billion hectares, covering about 30 percent of the world’s land area and from 1990 to 2005, the world lost three percent of its total forest area, according to FAO data in the report.

For instance, Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean are shown in the report as currently being the two regions with the highest losses. Africa, which accounts for about 16 percent of the total global forest area, lost over 9 percent of its forests between 1990 and 2005.

Latin America and the Caribbean, with over 47 percent of the world’s forests saw an increase in the annual net loss between 2000 and 2005, from 0.46 percent to 0.51 percent.

Coming to Tanzania, between 1990 and 2000, the country lost an average of 412,300 hectares of forest per year, which is an average of annual deforestation rate of 0.99 percent. The country’s forest cover stands at 39.9 percent of the total land area, which is equivalent to 35,257,000 hectares.

This means that solutions for curbing deforestation must originate from within the developing countries before looking outside for support.

So developing countries such as Tanzania should now work hard in preserving forest resources and at the same time educate her people about the importance of protecting forests. Besides, people should be encouraged to plant more trees.

On the other hand, wealthy nations could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions globally by paying landowners in developing nations not to clear forested land for agriculture under the existing environmental instruments such as the Kyoto Protocol.

This proves that the fight against deforestation should have a global approach instead of just leaving the burden on the poor countries whose communities are always compelled to destroy the environment to cater for short term needs.

The Toxicity of the Vegetables we Consume Everyday

VEGETABLES have always been an important part of our meals on a daily basis bearing in mind their importance in terms of nutrients they provide to our bodies for growth and immunity against diseases.

Hardly do we ask ourselves as to the manner in which they are grown or prepared for the market. What matters, it seems, is to have them on the table.

But the findings of a recent study by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) could make us think otherwise.

The study, whose report has just been released at the on-going World Water Week Conference in Stockholm-Sweden, revealed that waste water use was common in urban agriculture worldwide posing health risks to consumers.

“Waste water is widely used to irrigate urban agricultural land in developing countries, a practice that has both advantages and disadvantages,” the 53-city study reveals.

According to the report, waste water agriculture contributes importantly to urban food supplies and helps provide a livelihood for the poor, but can also lead to health risks for consumers, particularly for vegetables consumed uncooked or poorly prepared.

Waste water has a “large potential... for both helping and hurting great numbers of urban consumers,” IWMI researcher, Liqa Raschid-Sally, said during the global water conference.

The survey showed that 80 percent of cities studied were using untreated or partially treated waste water for agriculture posing serious health risks to consumers of the food produced.

“In over 70 percent of the cities studied, more than half of the urban agricultural land was irrigated with waste water and the same was being used primarily to produce vegetables and rice,” it says.

The report says that the practice is being used on 20 million hectares of land, especially in Asian countries like China, India and Vietnam, but also “nearly every city of sub-Saharan Africa and in many Latin American cities as well.”

In Ghana’s capital Accra, for example, which has almost two million inhabitants, some 200,000 city residents purchase vegetables each day produced on just 100 hectares of urban agricultural land irrigated with waste water, the report says.

However, the report did not call for a ban on the use of waste water, saying such a move could “adversely affect urban consumers, farmers and others who depend on urban agriculture.”

Instead, it urged local authorities to develop policies for safer waste water use, and advocated low-cost measures such as the use of drip irrigation, correct washing of produce, and waste water storage ponds to allow suspended solids to settle-out.

Perhaps it’s important to describe what waste water is so as to keep track of our discussion.

Waste water could be defined in terms of its source, composition, the manner of transmission or where it’s found.

This includes water transmitted through storm water drains and other similar channels. The source of this water in storm water drains can be from industries can be mixed with seepage water or even rain water.

It can also come from other activities such as car washing or food processing. Waste water also includes used domestic and sewerage water from houses and institutions.

All these ‘types’ of waste water carry different compositions (chemical and biological) some of which have the potential of posing health risks.

That’s why there have always been reports in the media raising concerns over the effects of urban agriculture especially vegetable growing to consumers of the produced food.

In March this year the Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN), which is part of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, reported from Dakar, Senegal that some of the vegetables sold in urban areas are toxic.

In the report titled ‘Toxic Vegetables for Sale’ quoted some vegetable growers in the city’s outskirts admitting that they were applying ‘dangerous’ levels of pesticides, fertilizers and other toxic substances such as waste water to improve the colour and growth of the crops.

“We (the cultivators) are…careless about people’s health. Even producers are not well protected,” IRIN quotes Babacar Wade, who was one of the farmers from Kounoune village, 40 kilometres east of Dakar.

He was growing lettuce, cabbage, parsley, aubergine, peppers, and okra some of the most coveted vegetables for export from Senegal, IRIN reported.

In the same story, IRIN quotes Amadou Diouf, an agricultural engineer who said such kind of the health risk was rife across the country.

“Some gardeners respect none of the health standards, they use waste-water or inappropriate pesticides at any dose and at any time. The risks are very serious for producers and consumers,” he said.

According to him, the toxicity levels that result can lead to “acute poisoning which can cause headaches, vomiting, anxiety, loss of sight, while chronic poisoning can cause toxicity, infertility in women and impotence in men.

As the report by the IWMI has indicated, this problem is common in most of our developing countries Tanzania not an exception.

In Dar es Salaam, for instance, many times environmentalists and health experts have raised concerns over the manner in which vegetables have been grown in the city.

In his study report ‘Managing Urban Agriculture in Dar es Salaam’, Camillus Sawio, from the Department of Geography of the University of Dar es Salaam besides underlining the importance of urban agriculture, cautions that some health risks are also involved.

According to him, urban agriculture (vegetable growing and livestock keeping) in the city was still rampant in hazardous areas and he cites Mzimbazi River Valley as a classical example.

“Msimbazi River is contaminated with heavy metals. Farmers in the valley irrigate crops with this contaminated water…,” Sawio says in the report.

The report shows a table that indicates the level of pollution of the river’s water with heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, copper and chromium.

Sawio says that the high quantities of the heavy metals in the river’s water especially lead and cadmium disqualify the water from being used for livestock consumption and irrigation purposes according to the provisions of the Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act of 1974.

“However, people continue to use the water for irrigation purposes and thereby aggravate health risks,” he says.

Indeed, many areas along the river’s valley such as Kigogo, Vingunguti, Hannanasifu, Keko, Sinza and Msimbazi vegetable growing is still rampant regardless of the health risks that such kind of agriculture poses to both consumers and the producers themselves.

This means that most of the vegetables (if not all) supplied in the city especially at the city centre and the neighbouring areas originate from the river’s valley.

Now the question is, how much has our health been affected by feeding on such vegetables everyday either at a restaurant during lunch time while at work or at home in the evening?

Sawio’s report emphasizes on the chemical contamination of the vegetables so grown. However, there are other health risks that are associated with vegetables produced in such circumstances.

Much of the waste water used for irrigation is contaminated with human waste that contains a number of diseases-causing germs including those responsible for the spread of water borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid.

It’s important to note that most of the vegetables reaching our tables are always not so much cooked so as not to lose their dietary benefits and hence the tendency has always been half-cooking them.

But this has its cost. Some of the microorganisms responsible for the spread of diseases can still manage to remain alive at such low temperatures and thereby pass on to the people consuming the vegetables.

No wonder cases of cholera outbreak in many areas of the country are commonplace every year mainly during rainy seasons. This doesn’t downplay other factors causing the diseases such as poor sanitation though.

For instance, the World Health Organisation (WHO) in its Tanzania Cholera Outbreak Profile of April this year reveals that between 2002 and 2006, most Tanzanian regions reported cholera cases and nine of the reported more than 2000 cases during the period.

The regions include Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Kigoma, Lindi, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Pwani and Tanga.

Now the challenge is on how to help urban food growers to treat waste water before applying it in their fields so as to prevent the spread of such preventable diseases. Allocation of enough land in safe and clean areas could also help to mitigate the problem.

As IWMI points out-out in its report, urban agriculture is there to stay hence the best option to go about it is to make it safer to the consumers and producers by taking the above alternatives into account.